Summary of Appendix A: Reviews of Collected Poems and Criticism

01.  From William Michael Rossetti, some Reminiscences of William Rossetti (London: Brown Langham, 1906), 1:232

William Michael Rossetti and his brother Dante Gabriel Rossetti were first compelled by Elizabeth Browning’s poetry in either 1844 or 1845. The Rossetti brothers read her poems repeatedly, so much so they could repeat Browning’s poems almost exactly. They criticized he poem and thought there may not be total truth to them, but still they read her poems with great pleasure.

Elizabeth Browning’s poems had great effects on people and captured reader’s attention while bringing them great pleasure.

03.   From Fredrick Rowton, The Female Poets of Great Britain (London, 1853)

The article touches on the fact that the female brain can only handle so much information at a time according to the author. Women should not be enrolled in the same extent of education that men are in. The knowledge that men and woman receive must be kept different otherwise a rivalry will form between the two sexes. Woman should receive their knowledge from instincts, sympathy, and perceptions, while man should receive their knowledge from study, reflection, investigation, and comparison. Women reach answers by faith by belief while men reach answers by proof and demonstration.

This article was really strange to me since the poet they are talking about in this book as a whole is Elizabeth Browning is in fact a female.  

04.   From “Elizabeth Barrett Browning,” English Woman’s Journal 7, #42 (7 August 1861): 369-75’

Elizabeth Browning has left such an impact on people aspiring to be writers. After her death many look back on her life and remember the lessons she shared throughout her poetry as well as the comfort and aspiration she always provided. Browning was a true poet following the true poetic mission. She was reffered to as a prophet like many other great poets are referred to as. She is said to be the only woman who has ever captured the all true elements of poetry in any country. 

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, and Margaret Forster. Selected Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. London: Chatto & Windus, 1988. Print.

Beyond the Dark Tower: Childe Roland's Painful Memory Summary

I did a presentation on the article "Beyond the Dark Tower: Childe Roland's Painful Memory" by John King McComb. Throughout the article McComb is analyzing the memory relapses that take place in the poem "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came" poem by Browning. The article questions the speaker of the poem; Childe Roland since Roland may have died in the end. How accurate can Roland tell his own story? According to Harold Bloom, "How far can Roland be trusted in recounting his own catastrophe?"

Browning has a common theme through many of his poems involving characters being unable to forget their past. Some examples of these other poems by Browning where the main character struggles with escaping their past are “Pauline,” “Cenci,” and “A Bean Stripe: Also Apple Eating.” These characters in these poems often times try to suppress their memory by the act of will, through vigorous activity, or change in place. In most cases memory cannot be escaped at all. Memories almost always intrude upon the characters present.

Throughout the poem “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came,” Roland keeps reliving the past, either voluntarily or non-voluntarily. The first appearance of Roland’s past is when Roland is trying to decide whether or not to take the cripple’s direction to the Dark Tower. This brings Roland to voluntarily think about his past. The second appearance of his past Roland is trying to remember happy memories but he involuntarily remembers the past miseries that were the end results of happy memories. The third appearance of Roland’s memories is when Roland arrives at the Dark Tower; he begins to hear all the names from his past repeatedly in his ears. He suddenly then begins to see all his friends and their failures on the hills around him. The fourth appearance of Roland’s past is the actual whole poem itself. The poem is all in past tense, which makes the reader aware that Roland, is speaking some point after the final event of the poem.

Throughout the poem Roland’s past memories become more vivid. The more Roland tries to put an end to his past, the stronger and more spontaneous the past returns. The memories begin to worsen as the poem goes on.

The whole article is McComb’s viewpoint of the poem and Roland’s character in the poem. McComb’s pretty much only sees things from his point of you and just assumes he is right. One of the major topics McCombs brought up about the poem is what the true object of Roland’s quest actually was. Roland has spent long years on a quest that readers are never told straight forward what the quest actually is. In the beginning of the poem Roland asks the cripple to point out the way to the Dark Tower. According to McCombs, “Some critics have misread the poem by assuming that the Dark Tower is the original object of the quest. This assumption puts them in the awkward position of having to explain how, of the cripple lies, he nevertheless points the true way.” McCombs argues that the object of the quest is not as simple as readers and critics appear to make it seem.

Browning chooses to do a lot of poems about characters reflecting and fearing their past. Any moment when Roland seems to remember happy moments they always turn to unhappy ones. This is the main point and thing McCombs touches on in his article: Roland’s inability to forget his past and live in the moment.

McComb, John King. "Beyond the Dark Tower: Childe Roland's Painful Memories." JSTOR. The John Hopkins University Press, 1975. Web. 16 Sept. 2013.

Summary of "The Pragmatics of Silence, and the Figuration of the Reader in Browning's Dramatic Monologues"

Dramatic monologue was not invented by poets of the nineteenth century but was made famous by them especially by Robert Browning

Robert Browning's dramatic monologues often have an aggressive speaker who is often threatening and is almost always superior. Browning's poetry usually has a silent auditor. It's actually quite fascinating the reasoning behind doing this because by silencing the auditor the speaker actually gets put on the spotlight and keeps the implied listener in the dark. In Browning's poetry the silent listener is crucial. Not only does the silent listener increase the drama in a situation, but the drama is only created because of the others presence. There are disagreements in Browning’s usage of the speaker however. According to linguistic pragmatics, having a speaker who is narcissistic and aggressive violates the access rights of the auditor.

Jennifer A. Wagner-Lawlor, the author of The Pragmatics of Silence, and the Figuration of the Reader in Browning’s Dramatic Monologues silence is a crucial part of dramatic monologues and especially for Browning’s dramatic monologues. The separation and distinction between the speaker and the auditor is an important factor in creating this silence since the speaker overtakes the auditor making the auditor silent. Having a passive, non-aggressive, and silent listening figure creates a gap in dramatic monologue, perhaps the biggest gap in dramatic monologue. Browning’s monologues highlights that the reader will have difficulty to have sympathy for either the speaker or the auditor. This lack of sympathy from the reader will allow for them to have more freedom in to analyze the silences in the text from the auditor mainly and allows them to further explore the silences that they can make speak themselves.

Browning, Robert, James F. Loucks, and Andrew M. Stauffer. Robert Browning's Poetry. New York:  W.W. Norton, 2006. Print.

A Biography: Robert Browning

On May 7, 1812 a man by the name of Robert Browning was born to parents Robert and Sarah Anna Browning in Camberwell. Robert Browning was the first born in his family and was extremely talented when it came to poetry. Browning loved to read, by the age of fourteen he had already read through fifty volumes of Biographie Universelle as well as learned several different languages. In 1828 Browning attended college at University of London, the first year the university opened but shortly discontinued due to his inability to read at his own pace. Browning tried several different writing styles once he discovered he enjoyed writing and ended up being a master of dramatic monologue. In 1845 Browning’s married a woman by the name of Elizabeth Barrett against her father’s wishes. The two of them were as happy as can be and they both even published books sharing their fondness of one another. The book Robert Browning published is known as Men and Women. Robert Browning published several different poems throughout his lifetime but it wasn’t until the late 1960’s where his career really peaked. More and more people began reading Browning’s poetry, which led to the development of the Browning Society in 1881. Sadly only eight years after creating Browning Society, Robert Browning passed away on the same day of his release of Asolando. Robert Browning was buried in Poet’s Corner of Westminister Abbey where he lies a talented poet even to this day. 

Everett, Glen. "Robert Browning - Biography." Robert Browning - Biography. The Victorian Web, 2007. Web. 26 Aug. 2013.